HTTP Working Group M. Thomson Internet-Draft Mozilla Intended status: Standards Track March 2, 2017 Expires: September 3, 2017 Encrypted Content-Encoding for HTTP draft-ietf-httpbis-encryption-encoding-08 Abstract This memo introduces a content coding for HTTP that allows message payloads to be encrypted. Note to Readers Discussion of this draft takes place on the HTTP working group mailing list (ietf-http-wg@w3.org), which is archived at https://lists.w3.org/Archives/Public/ietf-http-wg/ [1]. Working Group information can be found at http://httpwg.github.io/ [2]; source code and issues list for this draft can be found at https://github.com/httpwg/http-extensions/labels/encryption [3]. Status of This Memo This Internet-Draft is submitted in full conformance with the provisions of BCP 78 and BCP 79. Internet-Drafts are working documents of the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF). Note that other groups may also distribute working documents as Internet-Drafts. The list of current Internet- Drafts is at http://datatracker.ietf.org/drafts/current/. Internet-Drafts are draft documents valid for a maximum of six months and may be updated, replaced, or obsoleted by other documents at any time. It is inappropriate to use Internet-Drafts as reference material or to cite them other than as "work in progress." This Internet-Draft will expire on September 3, 2017. Copyright Notice Copyright (c) 2017 IETF Trust and the persons identified as the document authors. All rights reserved. This document is subject to BCP 78 and the IETF Trust's Legal Provisions Relating to IETF Documents Thomson Expires September 3, 2017 [Page 1] Internet-Draft HTTP encryption coding March 2017 (http://trustee.ietf.org/license-info) in effect on the date of publication of this document. Please review these documents carefully, as they describe your rights and restrictions with respect to this document. Code Components extracted from this document must include Simplified BSD License text as described in Section 4.e of the Trust Legal Provisions and are provided without warranty as described in the Simplified BSD License. Table of Contents 1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 1.1. Notational Conventions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 2. The "aes128gcm" HTTP Content Coding . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 2.1. Encryption Content Coding Header . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 2.2. Content Encryption Key Derivation . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 2.3. Nonce Derivation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 3. Examples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 3.1. Encryption of a Response . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 3.2. Encryption with Multiple Records . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 4. Security Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 4.1. Message Truncation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 4.2. Key and Nonce Reuse . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 4.3. Data Encryption Limits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 4.4. Content Integrity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 4.5. Leaking Information in Header Fields . . . . . . . . . . 10 4.6. Poisoning Storage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 4.7. Sizing and Timing Attacks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 5. IANA Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 5.1. The "aes128gcm" HTTP Content Coding . . . . . . . . . . . 11 6. References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 6.1. Normative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 6.2. Informative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 6.3. URIs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 Appendix A. JWE Mapping . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 Appendix B. Acknowledgements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 Author's Address . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 1. Introduction It is sometimes desirable to encrypt the contents of a HTTP message (request or response) so that when the payload is stored (e.g., with a HTTP PUT), only someone with the appropriate key can read it. For example, it might be necessary to store a file on a server without exposing its contents to that server. Furthermore, that same file could be replicated to other servers (to make it more resistant to server or network failure), downloaded by clients (to make it available offline), etc. without exposing its contents. Thomson Expires September 3, 2017 [Page 2] Internet-Draft HTTP encryption coding March 2017 These uses are not met by the use of TLS [RFC5246], since it only encrypts the channel between the client and server. This document specifies a content coding (Section 3.1.2 of [RFC7231]) for HTTP to serve these and other use cases. This content coding is not a direct adaptation of message-based encryption formats - such as those that are described by [RFC4880], [RFC5652], [RFC7516], and [XMLENC] - which are not suited to stream processing, which is necessary for HTTP. The format described here follows more closely to the lower level constructs described in [RFC5116]. To the extent that message-based encryption formats use the same primitives, the format can be considered as sequence of encrypted messages with a particular profile. For instance, Appendix A explains how the format is congruent with a sequence of JSON Web Encryption [RFC7516] values with a fixed header. This mechanism is likely only a small part of a larger design that uses content encryption. How clients and servers acquire and identify keys will depend on the use case. In particular, a key management system is not described. 1.1. Notational Conventions The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT", "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this document are to be interpreted as described in [RFC2119]. Base64url encoding is defined in Section 2 of [RFC7515]. 2. The "aes128gcm" HTTP Content Coding The "aes128gcm" HTTP content coding indicates that a payload has been encrypted using Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) in Galois/Counter Mode (GCM) as identified as AEAD_AES_128_GCM in [RFC5116], Section 5.1. The AEAD_AES_128_GCM algorithm uses a 128 bit content encryption key. Using this content coding requires knowledge of a key. How this key is acquired is not defined in this document. The "aes128gcm" content coding uses a single fixed set of encryption primitives. Cipher suite agility is achieved by defining a new content coding scheme. This ensures that only the HTTP Accept- Encoding header field is necessary to negotiate the use of encryption. Thomson Expires September 3, 2017 [Page 3] Internet-Draft HTTP encryption coding March 2017 The "aes128gcm" content coding uses a fixed record size. The final encoding consists of a header (see Section 2.1) and zero or more fixed size encrypted records; the final record can be smaller than the record size. The record size determines the length of each portion of plaintext that is enciphered. The record size ("rs") is included in the content coding header (see Section 2.1). +-----------+ content | data | any length up to rs-17 octets +-----------+ | v +-----------+-----+ add a delimiter octet (0x01 or 0x02) | data | pad | then 0x00-valued octets to rs-16 +-----------+-----+ (or less on the last record) | v +--------------------+ encrypt with AEAD_AES_128_GCM; | ciphertext | final size is rs; +--------------------+ the last record can be smaller AEAD_AES_128_GCM produces ciphertext 16 octets longer than its input plaintext. Therefore, the unencrypted content of each record is shorter than the record size by 16 octets. Valid records always contain at least a padding delimiter octet and a 16 octet authentication tag. Each record contains a single padding delimiter octet followed by any number of zero octets. The last record uses a padding delimiter octet set to the value 2, all other records have a padding delimiter octet value of 1. On decryption, the padding delimiter is the last non-zero valued octet of the record. A decrypter MUST fail if the record contains no non-zero octet. A decrypter MUST fail if the last record contains a padding delimiter with a value other than 2 or if any record other than the last contains a padding delimiter with a value other than 1. The nonce for each record is a 96-bit value constructed from the record sequence number and the input keying material. Nonce derivation is covered in Section 2.3. The additional data passed to each invocation of AEAD_AES_128_GCM is a zero-length octet sequence. Thomson Expires September 3, 2017 [Page 4] Internet-Draft HTTP encryption coding March 2017 A consequence of this record structure is that range requests [RFC7233] and random access to encrypted payload bodies are possible at the granularity of the record size. Partial records at the ends of a range cannot be decrypted. Thus, it is best if range requests start and end on record boundaries. Note however that random access to specific parts of encrypted data could be confounded by the presence of padding. Selecting the record size most appropriate for a given situation requires a trade-off. A smaller record size allows decrypted octets to be released more rapidly, which can be appropriate for applications that depend on responsiveness. Smaller records also reduce the additional data required if random access into the ciphertext is needed. Applications that don't depending on streaming, random access, or arbitrary padding can use larger records, or even a single record. A larger record size reduces processing and data overheads. 2.1. Encryption Content Coding Header The content coding uses a header block that includes all parameters needed to decrypt the content (other than the key). The header block is placed in the body of a message ahead of the sequence of records. +-----------+--------+-----------+---------------+ | salt (16) | rs (4) | idlen (1) | keyid (idlen) | +-----------+--------+-----------+---------------+ salt: The "salt" parameter comprises the first 16 octets of the "aes128gcm" content coding header. The same "salt" parameter value MUST NOT be reused for two different payload bodies that have the same input keying material; generating a random salt for every application of the content coding ensures that content encryption key reuse is highly unlikely. rs: The "rs" or record size parameter contains an unsigned 32-bit integer in network byte order that describes the record size in octets. Note that it is therefore impossible to exceed the 2^36-31 limit on plaintext input to AEAD_AES_128_GCM. Values smaller than 18 are invalid. keyid: The "keyid" parameter can be used to identify the keying material that is used. Recipients that receive a message are expected to know how to retrieve keys; the "keyid" parameter might be input to that process. A "keyid" parameter SHOULD be a UTF-8 [RFC3629] encoded string, particularly where the identifier might need to appear in a textual form. Thomson Expires September 3, 2017 [Page 5] Internet-Draft HTTP encryption coding March 2017 2.2. Content Encryption Key Derivation In order to allow the reuse of keying material for multiple different HTTP messages, a content encryption key is derived for each message. The content encryption key is derived from the "salt" parameter using the HMAC-based key derivation function (HKDF) described in [RFC5869] using the SHA-256 hash algorithm [FIPS180-4]. The value of the "salt" parameter is the salt input to HKDF function. The keying material identified by the "keyid" parameter is the input keying material (IKM) to HKDF. Input keying material is expected to be provided to recipients separately. The extract phase of HKDF therefore produces a pseudorandom key (PRK) as follows: PRK = HMAC-SHA-256(salt, IKM) The info parameter to HKDF is set to the ASCII-encoded string "Content-Encoding: aes128gcm" and a single zero octet: cek_info = "Content-Encoding: aes128gcm" || 0x00 Note: Concatenation of octet sequences is represented by the "||" operator. AEAD_AES_128_GCM requires a 16 octet (128 bit) content encryption key (CEK), so the length (L) parameter to HKDF is 16. The second step of HKDF can therefore be simplified to the first 16 octets of a single HMAC: CEK = HMAC-SHA-256(PRK, cek_info || 0x01) 2.3. Nonce Derivation The nonce input to AEAD_AES_128_GCM is constructed for each record. The nonce for each record is a 12 octet (96 bit) value that is derived from the record sequence number, input keying material, and salt. The input keying material and salt values are input to HKDF with different info and length parameters. The length (L) parameter is 12 octets. The info parameter for the nonce is the ASCII-encoded string "Content-Encoding: nonce", terminated by a a single zero octet: nonce_info = "Content-Encoding: nonce" || 0x00 Thomson Expires September 3, 2017 [Page 6] Internet-Draft HTTP encryption coding March 2017 The result is combined with the record sequence number - using exclusive or - to produce the nonce. The record sequence number (SEQ) is a 96-bit unsigned integer in network byte order that starts at zero. Thus, the final nonce for each record is a 12 octet value: NONCE = HMAC-SHA-256(PRK, nonce_info || 0x01) XOR SEQ This nonce construction prevents removal or reordering of records. However, it permits truncation of the tail of the sequence (see Section 2 for how this is avoided). 3. Examples This section shows a few examples of the encrypted content coding. Note: All binary values in the examples in this section use base64url encoding [RFC7515]. This includes the bodies of requests. Whitespace and line wrapping is added to fit formatting constraints. 3.1. Encryption of a Response Here, a successful HTTP GET response has been encrypted. This uses a record size of 4096 and no padding (just the single octet padding delimiter), so only a partial record is present. The input keying material is identified by an empty string (that is, the "keyid" field in the header is zero octets in length). The encrypted data in this example is the UTF-8 encoded string "I am the walrus". The input keying material is the value "yqdlZ- tYemfogSmv7Ws5PQ" (in base64url). The 54 octet content body contains a single record and is shown here using 71 base64url characters for presentation reasons. HTTP/1.1 200 OK Content-Type: application/octet-stream Content-Length: 54 Content-Encoding: aes128gcm I1BsxtFttlv3u_Oo94xnmwAAEAAA-NAVub2qFgBEuQKRapoZu-IxkIva3MEB1PD- ly8Thjg Note that the media type has been changed to "application/octet- stream" to avoid exposing information about the content. Alternatively (and equivalently), the Content-Type header field can be omitted. Thomson Expires September 3, 2017 [Page 7] Internet-Draft HTTP encryption coding March 2017 Intermediate values for this example (all shown using base64url): salt (from header) = I1BsxtFttlv3u_Oo94xnmw PRK = zyeH5phsIsgUyd4oiSEIy35x-gIi4aM7y0hCF8mwn9g CEK = _wniytB-ofscZDh4tbSjHw NONCE = Bcs8gkIRKLI8GeI8 plaintext = SSBhbSB0aGUgd2FscnVzAg 3.2. Encryption with Multiple Records This example shows the same message with input keying material of "BO3ZVPxUlnLORbVGMpbT1Q". In this example, the plaintext is split into records of 25 octets each (that is, the "rs" field in the header is 25). The first record includes one 0x00 padding octet. This means that there are 7 octets of message in the first record, and 8 in the second. A key identifier of the UTF-8 encoded string "a1" is also included in the header. HTTP/1.1 200 OK Content-Length: 73 Content-Encoding: aes128gcm uNCkWiNYzKTnBN9ji3-qWAAAABkCYTHOG8chz_gnvgOqdGYovxyjuqRyJFjEDyoF 1Fvkj6hQPdPHI51OEUKEpgz3SsLWIqS_uA 4. Security Considerations This mechanism assumes the presence of a key management framework that is used to manage the distribution of keys between valid senders and receivers. Defining key management is part of composing this mechanism into a larger application, protocol, or framework. Implementation of cryptography - and key management in particular - can be difficult. For instance, implementations need to account for the potential for exposing keying material on side channels, such as might be exposed by the time it takes to perform a given operation. The requirements for a good implementation of cryptographic algorithms can change over time. As a content coding, presence of the "aes128gcm" coding might be transparent to a consumer of a message. Recipients that depend on content origin authentication using this mechanism MUST reject messages that don't include the "aes128gcm" content coding. Thomson Expires September 3, 2017 [Page 8] Internet-Draft HTTP encryption coding March 2017 4.1. Message Truncation This content encoding is designed to permit the incremental processing of large messages. It also permits random access to plaintext in a limited fashion. The content encoding permits a receiver to detect when a message is truncated. A partially delivered message MUST NOT be processed as though the entire message was successfully delivered. For instance, a partially delivered message cannot be cached as though it were complete. An attacker might exploit willingness to process partial messages to cause a receiver to remain in a specific intermediate state. Implementations performing processing on partial messages need to ensure that any intermediate processing states don't advantage an attacker. 4.2. Key and Nonce Reuse Encrypting different plaintext with the same content encryption key and nonce in AES-GCM is not safe [RFC5116]. The scheme defined here uses a fixed progression of nonce values. Thus, a new content encryption key is needed for every application of the content coding. Since input keying material can be reused, a unique "salt" parameter is needed to ensure a content encryption key is not reused. If a content encryption key is reused - that is, if input keying material and salt are reused - this could expose the plaintext and the authentication key, nullifying the protection offered by encryption. Thus, if the same input keying material is reused, then the salt parameter MUST be unique each time. This ensures that the content encryption key is not reused. An implementation SHOULD generate a random salt parameter for every message; a counter could achieve the same result. 4.3. Data Encryption Limits There are limits to the data that AEAD_AES_128_GCM can encipher. The maximum value for the record size is limited by the size of the "rs" field in the header (see Section 2.1), which ensures that the 2^36-31 limit for a single application of AEAD_AES_128_GCM is not reached [RFC5116]. In order to preserve a 2^-40 probability of indistinguishability under chosen plaintext attack (IND-CPA), the total amount of plaintext that can be enciphered with the key derived from the same input keying material and salt MUST be less than 2^44.5 blocks of 16 octets [AEBounds]. Thomson Expires September 3, 2017 [Page 9] Internet-Draft HTTP encryption coding March 2017 If the record size is a multiple of 16 octets, this means 398 terabytes can be encrypted safely, including padding and overhead. However, if the record size is not a multiple of 16 octets, the total amount of data that can be safely encrypted is reduced because partial AES blocks are encrypted. The worst case is a record size of 18 octets, for which at most 74 terabytes of plaintext can be encrypted, of which at least half is padding. 4.4. Content Integrity This mechanism only provides content origin authentication. The authentication tag only ensures that an entity with access to the content encryption key produced the encrypted data. Any entity with the content encryption key can therefore produce content that will be accepted as valid. This includes all recipients of the same HTTP message. Furthermore, any entity that is able to modify both the Content- Encoding header field and the HTTP message body can replace the contents. Without the content encryption key or the input keying material, modifications to or replacement of parts of a payload body are not possible. 4.5. Leaking Information in Header Fields Because only the payload body is encrypted, information exposed in header fields is visible to anyone who can read the HTTP message. This could expose side-channel information. For example, the Content-Type header field can leak information about the payload body. There are a number of strategies available to mitigate this threat, depending upon the application's threat model and the users' tolerance for leaked information: 1. Determine that it is not an issue. For example, if it is expected that all content stored will be "application/json", or another very common media type, exposing the Content-Type header field could be an acceptable risk. 2. If it is considered sensitive information and it is possible to determine it through other means (e.g., out of band, using hints in other representations, etc.), omit the relevant headers, and/ or normalize them. In the case of Content-Type, this could be accomplished by always sending Content-Type: application/octet- stream (the most generic media type), or no Content-Type at all. Thomson Expires September 3, 2017 [Page 10] Internet-Draft HTTP encryption coding March 2017 3. If it is considered sensitive information and it is not possible to convey it elsewhere, encapsulate the HTTP message using the application/http media type (Section 8.3.2 of [RFC7230]), encrypting that as the payload of the "outer" message. 4.6. Poisoning Storage This mechanism only offers encryption of content; it does not perform authentication or authorization, which still needs to be performed (e.g., by HTTP authentication [RFC7235]). This is especially relevant when a HTTP PUT request is accepted by a server; if the request is unauthenticated, it becomes possible for a third party to deny service and/or poison the store. 4.7. Sizing and Timing Attacks Applications using this mechanism need to be aware that the size of encrypted messages, as well as their timing, HTTP methods, URIs and so on, may leak sensitive information. This risk can be mitigated through the use of the padding that this mechanism provides. Alternatively, splitting up content into segments and storing them separately might reduce exposure. HTTP/2 [RFC7540] combined with TLS [RFC5246] might be used to hide the size of individual messages. Developing a padding strategy is difficult. A good padding strategy can depend on context. Common strategies include padding to a small set of fixed lengths, padding to multiples of a value, or padding to powers of 2. Even a good strategy can still cause size information to leak if processing activity of a recipient can be observed. This is especially true if the trailing records of a message contain only padding. Distributing non-padding data is recommended to avoid leaking size information. 5. IANA Considerations 5.1. The "aes128gcm" HTTP Content Coding This memo registers the "aes128gcm" HTTP content coding in the HTTP Content Codings Registry, as detailed in Section 2. o Name: aes128gcm o Description: AES-GCM encryption with a 128-bit content encryption key Thomson Expires September 3, 2017 [Page 11] Internet-Draft HTTP encryption coding March 2017 o Reference: this specification 6. References 6.1. Normative References [FIPS180-4] National Institute of Standards and Technology, U.S. Department of Commerce, "NIST FIPS 180-4, Secure Hash Standard", DOI 10.6028/NIST.FIPS.180-4, August 2015, . [RFC2119] Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119, DOI 10.17487/RFC2119, March 1997, . [RFC3629] Yergeau, F., "UTF-8, a transformation format of ISO 10646", STD 63, RFC 3629, DOI 10.17487/RFC3629, November 2003, . [RFC5116] McGrew, D., "An Interface and Algorithms for Authenticated Encryption", RFC 5116, DOI 10.17487/RFC5116, January 2008, . [RFC5869] Krawczyk, H. and P. Eronen, "HMAC-based Extract-and-Expand Key Derivation Function (HKDF)", RFC 5869, DOI 10.17487/RFC5869, May 2010, . [RFC7230] Fielding, R., Ed. and J. Reschke, Ed., "Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP/1.1): Message Syntax and Routing", RFC 7230, DOI 10.17487/RFC7230, June 2014, . [RFC7231] Fielding, R., Ed. and J. Reschke, Ed., "Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP/1.1): Semantics and Content", RFC 7231, DOI 10.17487/RFC7231, June 2014, . [RFC7515] Jones, M., Bradley, J., and N. Sakimura, "JSON Web Signature (JWS)", RFC 7515, DOI 10.17487/RFC7515, May 2015, . Thomson Expires September 3, 2017 [Page 12] Internet-Draft HTTP encryption coding March 2017 6.2. Informative References [AEBounds] Luykx, A. and K. Paterson, "Limits on Authenticated Encryption Use in TLS", March 2016, . [RFC4880] Callas, J., Donnerhacke, L., Finney, H., Shaw, D., and R. Thayer, "OpenPGP Message Format", RFC 4880, DOI 10.17487/RFC4880, November 2007, . [RFC5246] Dierks, T. and E. Rescorla, "The Transport Layer Security (TLS) Protocol Version 1.2", RFC 5246, DOI 10.17487/RFC5246, August 2008, . [RFC5652] Housley, R., "Cryptographic Message Syntax (CMS)", STD 70, RFC 5652, DOI 10.17487/RFC5652, September 2009, . [RFC7233] Fielding, R., Ed., Lafon, Y., Ed., and J. Reschke, Ed., "Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP/1.1): Range Requests", RFC 7233, DOI 10.17487/RFC7233, June 2014, . [RFC7235] Fielding, R., Ed. and J. Reschke, Ed., "Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP/1.1): Authentication", RFC 7235, DOI 10.17487/RFC7235, June 2014, . [RFC7516] Jones, M. and J. Hildebrand, "JSON Web Encryption (JWE)", RFC 7516, DOI 10.17487/RFC7516, May 2015, . [RFC7540] Belshe, M., Peon, R., and M. Thomson, Ed., "Hypertext Transfer Protocol Version 2 (HTTP/2)", RFC 7540, DOI 10.17487/RFC7540, May 2015, . [XMLENC] Eastlake, D., Reagle, J., Hirsch, F., Roessler, T., Imamura, T., Dillaway, B., Simon, E., Yiu, K., and M. Nystroem, "XML Encryption Syntax and Processing", W3C Recommendation REC-xmlenc-core1-20130411, January 2013, . Thomson Expires September 3, 2017 [Page 13] Internet-Draft HTTP encryption coding March 2017 6.3. URIs [1] https://lists.w3.org/Archives/Public/ietf-http-wg/ [2] http://httpwg.github.io/ [3] https://github.com/httpwg/http-extensions/labels/encryption Appendix A. JWE Mapping The "aes128gcm" content coding can be considered as a sequence of JSON Web Encryption (JWE) objects [RFC7516], each corresponding to a single fixed size record that includes trailing padding. The following transformations are applied to a JWE object that might be expressed using the JWE Compact Serialization: o The JWE Protected Header is fixed to the value { "alg": "dir", "enc": "A128GCM" }, describing direct encryption using AES-GCM with a 128-bit content encryption key. This header is not transmitted, it is instead implied by the value of the Content- Encoding header field. o The JWE Encrypted Key is empty, as stipulated by the direct encryption algorithm. o The JWE Initialization Vector ("iv") for each record is set to the exclusive or of the 96-bit record sequence number, starting at zero, and a value derived from the input keying material (see Section 2.3). This value is also not transmitted. o The final value is the concatenated header, JWE Ciphertext, and JWE Authentication Tag, all expressed without base64url encoding. The "." separator is omitted, since the length of these fields is known. Thus, the example in Section 3.1 can be rendered using the JWE Compact Serialization as: eyAiYWxnIjogImRpciIsICJlbmMiOiAiQTEyOEdDTSIgfQ..Bcs8gkIRKLI8GeI8. -NAVub2qFgBEuQKRapoZuw.4jGQi9rcwQHU8P6XLxOGOA Where the first line represents the fixed JWE Protected Header, an empty JWE Encrypted Key, and the algorithmically-determined JWE Initialization Vector. The second line contains the encoded body, split into JWE Ciphertext and JWE Authentication Tag. Thomson Expires September 3, 2017 [Page 14] Internet-Draft HTTP encryption coding March 2017 Appendix B. Acknowledgements Mark Nottingham was an original author of this document. The following people provided valuable input: Richard Barnes, David Benjamin, Peter Beverloo, JR Conlin, Mike Jones, Stephen Farrell, Adam Langley, James Manger, John Mattsson, Julian Reschke, Eric Rescorla, Jim Schaad, and Magnus Westerlund. Author's Address Martin Thomson Mozilla Email: martin.thomson@gmail.com Thomson Expires September 3, 2017 [Page 15]