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This document specifies the Internet Message Format (IMF), a syntax for text messages that are sent between computer users, within the framework of "electronic mail" messages. This specification is a revision of Request For Comments (RFC) 2822, which itself superseded Request For Comments (RFC) 822, "Standard for the Format of ARPA Internet Text Messages", updating it to reflect current practice and incorporating incremental changes that were specified in other RFCs.

This document specifies the Internet Message Format (IMF), a syntax for text messages that are sent between computer users, within the framework of "electronic mail" messages. This specification is an update to , which itself superseded , updating it to reflect current practice and incorporating incremental changes that were specified in other RFCs such as . This document specifies a syntax only for text messages. In particular, it makes no provision for the transmission of images, audio, or other sorts of structured data in electronic mail messages. There are several extensions published, such as the MIME document series (, , ), which describe mechanisms for the transmission of such data through electronic mail, either by extending the syntax provided here or by structuring such messages to conform to this syntax. Those mechanisms are outside of the scope of this specification. In the context of electronic mail, messages are viewed as having an envelope and contents. The envelope contains whatever information is needed to accomplish transmission and delivery. (See for a discussion of the envelope.) The contents comprise the object to be delivered to the recipient. This specification applies only to the format and some of the semantics of message contents. It contains no specification of the information in the envelope. However, some message systems may use information from the contents to create the envelope. It is intended that this specification facilitate the acquisition of such information by programs. This specification is intended as a definition of what message content format is to be passed between systems. Though some message systems locally store messages in this format (which eliminates the need for translation between formats) and others use formats that differ from the one specified in this specification, local storage is outside of the scope of this specification. Note: This specification is not intended to dictate the internal formats used by sites, the specific message system features that they are expected to support, or any of the characteristics of user interface programs that create or read messages. In addition, this document does not specify an encoding of the characters for either transport or storage; that is, it does not specify the number of bits used or how those bits are specifically transferred over the wire or stored on disk.

This document occasionally uses terms that appear in capital letters. When the terms "MUST", "SHOULD", "RECOMMENDED", "MUST NOT", "SHOULD NOT", and "MAY" appear capitalized, they are being used to indicate particular requirements of this specification. A discussion of the meanings of these terms appears in .

This specification uses the Augmented Backus-Naur Form (ABNF) notation for the formal definitions of the syntax of messages. Characters will be specified either by a decimal value (e.g., the value %d65 for uppercase A and %d97 for lowercase A) or by a case-insensitive literal value enclosed in quotation marks (e.g., "A" for either uppercase or lowercase A).

This document is divided into several sections. This section, section , is a short introduction to the document. Section lays out the general description of a message and its constituent parts. This is an overview to help the reader understand some of the general principles used in the later portions of this document. Any examples in this section MUST NOT be taken as specification of the formal syntax of any part of a message. Section specifies formal ABNF rules for the structure of each part of a message (the syntax) and describes the relationship between those parts and their meaning in the context of a message (the semantics). That is, it lays out the actual rules for the structure of each part of a message (the syntax) as well as a description of the parts and instructions for their interpretation (the semantics). This includes analysis of the syntax and semantics of subparts of messages that have specific structure. The syntax included in section represents messages as they MUST be created. There are also notes in section to indicate if any of the options specified in the syntax SHOULD be used over any of the others. Both sections and describe messages that are legal to generate for purposes of this specification. Section of this document specifies an "obsolete" syntax. There are references in section to these obsolete syntactic elements. The rules of the obsolete syntax are elements that have appeared in earlier versions of this specification or have previously been widely used in Internet messages. As such, these elements MUST be interpreted by parsers of messages in order to be conformant to this specification. However, since items in this syntax have been determined to be non-interoperable or to cause significant problems for recipients of messages, they MUST NOT be generated by creators of conformant messages. Section details security considerations to take into account when implementing this specification. Appendix lists examples of different sorts of messages. These examples are not exhaustive of the types of messages that appear on the Internet, but give a broad overview of certain syntactic forms. Appendix lists the differences between this specification and earlier specifications for Internet messages. Appendix contains acknowledgements.

At the most basic level, a message is a series of characters. A message that is conformant with this specification is composed of characters with values in the range of 1 through 127 and interpreted as US-ASCII characters. For brevity, this document sometimes refers to this range of characters as simply "US-ASCII characters". Note: This document specifies that messages are made up of characters in the US-ASCII range of 1 through 127. There are other documents, specifically the MIME document series (, , , , , ), that extend this specification to allow for values outside of that range. Discussion of those mechanisms is not within the scope of this specification. Messages are divided into lines of characters. A line is a series of characters that is delimited with the two characters carriage-return and line-feed; that is, the carriage return (CR) character (ASCII value 13) followed immediately by the line feed (LF) character (ASCII value 10). (The carriage return/line feed pair is usually written in this document as "CRLF".) A message consists of header fields (collectively called "the header section of the message") followed, optionally, by a body. The header section is a sequence of lines of characters with special syntax as defined in this specification. The body is simply a sequence of characters that follows the header section and is separated from the header section by an empty line (i.e., a line with nothing preceding the CRLF). Note: Common parlance and earlier versions of this specification use the term "header" to either refer to the entire header section or to refer to an individual header field. To avoid ambiguity, this document does not use the terms "header" or "headers" in isolation, but instead always uses "header field" to refer to the individual field and "header section" to refer to the entire collection.

There are two limits that this specification places on the number of characters in a line. Each line of characters MUST be no more than 998 characters, and SHOULD be no more than 78 characters, excluding the CRLF. The 998 character limit is due to limitations in many implementations that send, receive, or store IMF messages which simply cannot handle more than 998 characters on a line. Receiving implementations would do well to handle an arbitrarily large number of characters in a line for robustness sake. However, there are so many implementations that (in compliance with the transport requirements of ) do not accept messages containing more than 1000 characters including the CR and LF per line, it is important for implementations not to create such messages. The more conservative 78 character recommendation is to accommodate the many implementations of user interfaces that display these messages which may truncate, or disastrously wrap, the display of more than 78 characters per line, in spite of the fact that such implementations are non-conformant to the intent of this specification (and that of if they actually cause information to be lost). Again, even though this limitation is put on messages, it is incumbent upon implementations that display messages to handle an arbitrarily large number of characters in a line (certainly at least up to the 998 character limit) for the sake of robustness.

Header fields are lines beginning with a field name, followed by a colon (":"), followed by a field body, and terminated by CRLF. A field name MUST be composed of printable US-ASCII characters (i.e., characters that have values between 33 and 126, inclusive), except colon. A field body may be composed of printable US-ASCII characters as well as the space (SP, ASCII value 32) and horizontal tab (HTAB, ASCII value 9) characters (together known as the white space characters, WSP). A field body MUST NOT include CR and LF except when used in "folding" and "unfolding", as described in section . All field bodies MUST conform to the syntax described in sections and of this specification.

Some field bodies in this specification are defined simply as "unstructured" (which is specified in section as any printable US-ASCII characters plus white space characters) with no further restrictions. These are referred to as unstructured field bodies. Semantically, unstructured field bodies are simply to be treated as a single line of characters with no further processing (except for "folding" and "unfolding" as described in section ).

Some field bodies in this specification have a syntax that is more restrictive than the unstructured field bodies described above. These are referred to as "structured" field bodies. Structured field bodies are sequences of specific lexical tokens as described in sections and of this specification. Many of these tokens are allowed (according to their syntax) to be introduced or end with comments (as described in section ) as well as the white space characters, and those white space characters are subject to "folding" and "unfolding" as described in section . Semantic analysis of structured field bodies is given along with their syntax.

Each header field is logically a single line of characters comprising the field name, the colon, and the field body. For convenience however, and to deal with the 998/78 character limitations per line, the field body portion of a header field can be split into a multiple-line representation; this is called "folding". The general rule is that wherever this specification allows for folding white space (not simply WSP characters), a CRLF may be inserted before any WSP.

For example, the header field: Subject: This is a test

can be represented as: Subject: This is a test

Note: Though structured field bodies are defined in such a way that folding can take place between many of the lexical tokens (and even within some of the lexical tokens), folding SHOULD be limited to placing the CRLF at higher-level syntactic breaks. For instance, if a field body is defined as comma-separated values, it is recommended that folding occur after the comma separating the structured items in preference to other places where the field could be folded, even if it is allowed elsewhere. The process of moving from this folded multiple-line representation of a header field to its single line representation is called "unfolding". Unfolding is accomplished by simply removing any CRLF that is immediately followed by WSP. Each header field should be treated in its unfolded form for further syntactic and semantic evaluation. An unfolded header field has no length restriction and therefore may be indeterminately long.

The body of a message is simply lines of US-ASCII characters. The only two limitations on the body are as follows: CR and LF MUST only occur together as CRLF; they MUST NOT appear independently in the body. Lines of characters in the body MUST be limited to 998 characters, and SHOULD be limited to 78 characters, excluding the CRLF. Note: As was stated earlier, there are other documents, specifically the MIME documents (, , , , ), that extend (and limit) this specification to allow for different sorts of message bodies. Again, these mechanisms are beyond the scope of this document.

The syntax as given in this section defines the legal syntax of Internet messages. Messages that are conformant to this specification MUST conform to the syntax in this section. If there are options in this section where one option SHOULD be generated, that is indicated either in the prose or in a comment next to the syntax. For the defined expressions, a short description of the syntax and use is given, followed by the syntax in ABNF, followed by a semantic analysis. The following primitive tokens that are used but otherwise unspecified are taken from the "Core Rules" of : CR, LF, CRLF, HTAB, SP, WSP, DQUOTE, DIGIT, ALPHA, and VCHAR. In some of the definitions, there will be non-terminals whose names start with "obs-". These "obs-" elements refer to tokens defined in the obsolete syntax in section . In all cases, these productions are to be ignored for the purposes of generating legal Internet messages and MUST NOT be used as part of such a message. However, when interpreting messages, these tokens MUST be honored as part of the legal syntax. In this sense, section defines a grammar for the generation of messages, with "obs-" elements that are to be ignored, while section adds grammar for the interpretation of messages.

The following rules are used to define an underlying lexical analyzer, which feeds tokens to the higher-level parsers. This section defines the tokens used in structured header field bodies. Note: Readers of this specification need to pay special attention to how these lexical tokens are used in both the lower-level and higher-level syntax later in the document. Particularly, the white space tokens and the comment tokens defined in section get used in the lower-level tokens defined here, and those lower-level tokens are in turn used as parts of the higher-level tokens defined later. Therefore, white space and comments may be allowed in the higher-level tokens even though they may not explicitly appear in a particular definition.

Some characters are reserved for special interpretation, such as delimiting lexical tokens. To permit use of these characters as uninterpreted data, a quoting mechanism is provided.

quoted-pair = ("\" (VCHAR / WSP)) / obs-qp

Where any quoted-pair appears, it is to be interpreted as the character alone. That is to say, the "\" character that appears as part of a quoted-pair is semantically "invisible". Note: The "\" character may appear in a message where it is not part of a quoted-pair. A "\" character that does not appear in a quoted-pair is not semantically invisible. The only places in this specification where quoted-pair currently appears are ccontent, qcontent, and in obs-dtext in section .

White space characters, including white space used in folding (described in section ), may appear between many elements in header field bodies. Also, strings of characters that are treated as comments may be included in structured field bodies as characters enclosed in parentheses. The following defines the folding white space (FWS) and comment constructs. Strings of characters enclosed in parentheses are considered comments so long as they do not appear within a "quoted-string", as defined in section . Comments may nest. There are several places in this specification where comments and FWS may be freely inserted. To accommodate that syntax, an additional token for "CFWS" is defined for places where comments and/or FWS can occur. However, where CFWS occurs in this specification, it MUST NOT be inserted in such a way that any line of a folded header field is made up entirely of WSP characters and nothing else.

FWS = ([*WSP CRLF] 1*WSP) / obs-FWS ; Folding white space ctext = %d33-39 / ; Printable US-ASCII %d42-91 / ; characters not including %d93-126 / ; "(", ")", or "\" obs-ctext ccontent = ctext / quoted-pair / comment comment = "(" *([FWS] ccontent) [FWS] ")" CFWS = (1*([FWS] comment) [FWS]) / FWS

Throughout this specification, where FWS (the folding white space token) appears, it indicates a place where folding, as discussed in section , may take place. Wherever folding appears in a message (that is, a header field body containing a CRLF followed by any WSP), unfolding (removal of the CRLF) is performed before any further semantic analysis is performed on that header field according to this specification. That is to say, any CRLF that appears in FWS is semantically "invisible". A comment is normally used in a structured field body to provide some human-readable informational text. Since a comment is allowed to contain FWS, folding is permitted within the comment. Also note that since quoted-pair is allowed in a comment, the parentheses and backslash characters may appear in a comment, so long as they appear as a quoted-pair. Semantically, the enclosing parentheses are not part of the comment; the comment is what is contained between the two parentheses. As stated earlier, the "\" in any quoted-pair and the CRLF in any FWS that appears within the comment are semantically "invisible" and therefore not part of the comment either. Runs of FWS, comment, or CFWS that occur between lexical tokens in a structured header field are semantically interpreted as a single space character.

Several productions in structured header field bodies are simply strings of certain basic characters. Such productions are called atoms. Some of the structured header field bodies also allow the period character (".", ASCII value 46) within runs of atext. An additional "dot-atom" token is defined for those purposes. Note: The "specials" token does not appear anywhere else in this specification. It is simply the visible (i.e., non-control, non-white space) characters that do not appear in atext. It is provided only because it is useful for implementers who use tools that lexically analyze messages. Each of the characters in specials can be used to indicate a tokenization point in lexical analysis.

atext = ALPHA / DIGIT / ; Printable US-ASCII "!" / "#" / ; characters not including "$" / "%" / ; specials. Used for atoms. "&" / "'" / "*" / "+" / "-" / "/" / "=" / "?" / "^" / "_" / "`" / "{" / "|" / "}" / "~" atom = [CFWS] 1*atext [CFWS] dot-atom-text = 1*atext *("." 1*atext) dot-atom = [CFWS] dot-atom-text [CFWS] specials = "(" / ")" / ; Special characters that do "<" / ">" / ; not appear in atext "[" / "]" / ":" / ";" / "@" / "\" / "," / "." / DQUOTE

Both atom and dot-atom are interpreted as a single unit, comprising the string of characters that make it up. Semantically, the optional comments and FWS surrounding the rest of the characters are not part of the atom; the atom is only the run of atext characters in an atom, or the atext and "." characters in a dot-atom.

Strings of characters that include characters other than those allowed in atoms can be represented in a quoted string format, where the characters are surrounded by quote (DQUOTE, ASCII value 34) characters.

qtext = %d33 / ; Printable US-ASCII %d35-91 / ; characters not including %d93-126 / ; "\" or the quote character obs-qtext qcontent = qtext / quoted-pair quoted-string = [CFWS] DQUOTE *([FWS] qcontent) [FWS] DQUOTE [CFWS]

A quoted-string is treated as a unit. That is, quoted-string is identical to atom, semantically. Since a quoted-string is allowed to contain FWS, folding is permitted. Also note that since quoted-pair is allowed in a quoted-string, the quote and backslash characters may appear in a quoted-string so long as they appear as a quoted-pair. Semantically, neither the optional CFWS outside of the quote characters nor the quote characters themselves are part of the quoted-string; the quoted-string is what is contained between the two quote characters. As stated earlier, the "\" in any quoted-pair and the CRLF in any FWS/CFWS that appears within the quoted-string are semantically "invisible" and therefore not part of the quoted-string either.

Three additional tokens are defined: word and phrase for combinations of atoms and/or quoted-strings, and unstructured for use in unstructured header fields and in some places within structured header fields.

word = atom / quoted-string phrase = 1*word / obs-phrase unstructured = (*([FWS] VCHAR) *WSP) / obs-unstruct

Date and time values occur in several header fields. This section specifies the syntax for a full date and time specification. Though folding white space is permitted throughout the date-time specification, it is RECOMMENDED that a single space be used in each place that FWS appears (whether it is required or optional); some older implementations will not interpret longer sequences of folding white space correctly.

date-time = [ day-of-week "," ] date time [CFWS] day-of-week = ([FWS] day-name) / obs-day-of-week day-name = "Mon" / "Tue" / "Wed" / "Thu" / "Fri" / "Sat" / "Sun" date = day month year day = ([FWS] 1*2DIGIT FWS) / obs-day month = "Jan" / "Feb" / "Mar" / "Apr" / "May" / "Jun" / "Jul" / "Aug" / "Sep" / "Oct" / "Nov" / "Dec" year = (FWS 4*DIGIT FWS) / obs-year time = time-of-day zone time-of-day = hour ":" minute [ ":" second ] hour = 2DIGIT / obs-hour minute = 2DIGIT / obs-minute second = 2DIGIT / obs-second zone = (FWS ( "+" / "-" ) 4DIGIT) / obs-zone

The day is the numeric day of the month. The year is any numeric year 1900 or later. The time-of-day specifies the number of hours, minutes, and optionally seconds since midnight of the date indicated. The date and time-of-day SHOULD express local time. The zone specifies the offset from Coordinated Universal Time (UTC, formerly referred to as "Greenwich Mean Time") that the date and time-of-day represent. The "+" or "-" indicates whether the time-of-day is ahead of (i.e., east of) or behind (i.e., west of) Universal Time. The first two digits indicate the number of hours difference from Universal Time, and the last two digits indicate the number of additional minutes difference from Universal Time. (Hence, +hhmm means +(hh * 60 + mm) minutes, and -hhmm means -(hh * 60 + mm) minutes). The form "+0000" SHOULD be used to indicate a time zone at Universal Time. Though "-0000" also indicates Universal Time, it is used to indicate that the time was generated on a system that may be in a local time zone other than Universal Time and that the date-time contains no information about the local time zone. A date-time specification MUST be semantically valid. That is, the day-of-week (if included) MUST be the day implied by the date, the numeric day-of-month MUST be between 1 and the number of days allowed for the specified month (in the specified year), the time-of-day MUST be in the range 00:00:00 through 23:59:60 (the number of seconds allowing for a leap second; see ), and the last two digits of the zone MUST be within the range 00 through 59.

Addresses occur in several message header fields to indicate senders and recipients of messages. An address may either be an individual mailbox, or a group of mailboxes.

address = mailbox / group mailbox = name-addr / addr-spec name-addr = [display-name] angle-addr angle-addr = [CFWS] "<" addr-spec ">" [CFWS] / obs-angle-addr group = display-name ":" [group-list] ";" [CFWS] display-name = phrase mailbox-list = (mailbox *("," mailbox)) / obs-mbox-list address-list = (address *("," address)) / obs-addr-list group-list = mailbox-list / CFWS / obs-group-list

A mailbox receives mail. It is a conceptual entity that does not necessarily pertain to file storage. For example, some sites may choose to print mail on a printer and deliver the output to the addressee's desk. Normally, a mailbox is composed of two parts: (1) an optional display name that indicates the name of the recipient (which can be a person or a system) that could be displayed to the user of a mail application, and (2) an addr-spec address enclosed in angle brackets ("<" and ">"). There is an alternate simple form of a mailbox where the addr-spec address appears alone, without the recipient's name or the angle brackets. The Internet addr-spec address is described in section . Note: Some legacy implementations used the simple form where the addr-spec appears without the angle brackets, but included the name of the recipient in parentheses as a comment following the addr-spec. Since the meaning of the information in a comment is unspecified, implementations SHOULD use the full name-addr form of the mailbox, instead of the legacy form, to specify the display name associated with a mailbox. Also, because some legacy implementations interpret the comment, comments generally SHOULD NOT be used in address fields to avoid confusing such implementations. When it is desirable to treat several mailboxes as a single unit (i.e., in a distribution list), the group construct can be used. The group construct allows the sender to indicate a named group of recipients. This is done by giving a display name for the group, followed by a colon, followed by a comma-separated list of any number of mailboxes (including zero and one), and ending with a semicolon. Because the list of mailboxes can be empty, using the group construct is also a simple way to communicate to recipients that the message was sent to one or more named sets of recipients, without actually providing the individual mailbox address for any of those recipients.

An addr-spec is a specific Internet identifier that contains a locally interpreted string followed by the at-sign character ("@", ASCII value 64) followed by an Internet domain. The locally interpreted string is either a quoted-string or a dot-atom. If the string can be represented as a dot-atom (that is, it contains no characters other than atext characters or "." surrounded by atext characters), then the dot-atom form SHOULD be used and the quoted-string form SHOULD NOT be used. Comments and folding white space SHOULD NOT be used around the "@" in the addr-spec. Note: A liberal syntax for the domain portion of addr-spec is given here. However, the domain portion contains addressing information specified by and used in other protocols (e.g., , , , ). It is therefore incumbent upon implementations to conform to the syntax of addresses for the context in which they are used.

addr-spec = local-part "@" domain local-part = dot-atom / quoted-string / obs-local-part domain = dot-atom / domain-literal / obs-domain domain-literal = [CFWS] "[" *([FWS] dtext) [FWS] "]" [CFWS] dtext = %d33-90 / ; Printable US-ASCII %d94-126 / ; characters not including obs-dtext ; "[", "]", or "\"

The domain portion identifies the point to which the mail is delivered. In the dot-atom form, this is interpreted as an Internet domain name (either a host name or a mail exchanger name) as described in , , and . In the domain-literal form, the domain is interpreted as the literal Internet address of the particular host. In both cases, how addressing is used and how messages are transported to a particular host is covered in separate documents, such as . These mechanisms are outside of the scope of this document. The local-part portion is a domain-dependent string. In addresses, it is simply interpreted on the particular host as a name of a particular mailbox.

A message consists of header fields, optionally followed by a message body. Lines in a message MUST be a maximum of 998 characters excluding the CRLF, but it is RECOMMENDED that lines be limited to 78 characters excluding the CRLF. (See section for explanation.) In a message body, though all of the characters listed in the text rule MAY be used, the use of US-ASCII control characters (values 1 through 8, 11, 12, and 14 through 31) is discouraged since their interpretation by receivers for display is not guaranteed.

message = (fields / obs-fields) [CRLF body] body = (*(*998text CRLF) *998text) / obs-body text = %d1-9 / ; Characters excluding CR %d11 / ; and LF %d12 / %d14-127

The header fields carry most of the semantic information and are defined in section . The body is simply a series of lines of text that are uninterpreted for the purposes of this specification.

The header fields of a message are defined here. All header fields have the same general syntactic structure: a field name, followed by a colon, followed by the field body. The specific syntax for each header field is defined in the subsequent sections. Note: In the ABNF syntax for each field in subsequent sections, each field name is followed by the required colon. However, for brevity, sometimes the colon is not referred to in the textual description of the syntax. It is, nonetheless, required. It is important to note that the header fields are not guaranteed to be in a particular order. They may appear in any order, and they have been known to be reordered occasionally when transported over the Internet. However, for the purposes of this specification, header fields SHOULD NOT be reordered when a message is transported or transformed. More importantly, the trace header fields and resent header fields MUST NOT be reordered, and SHOULD be kept in blocks prepended to the message. See sections and for more information. The only required header fields are the origination date field and the originator address field(s). All other header fields are syntactically optional. More information is contained in the table following this definition.

fields = *(trace *optional-field / *(resent-date / resent-from / resent-sender / resent-to / resent-cc / resent-bcc / resent-msg-id)) *(orig-date / from / sender / reply-to / to / cc / bcc / message-id / in-reply-to / references / subject / comments / keywords / optional-field)

The following table indicates limits on the number of times each field may occur in the header section of a message as well as any special limitations on the use of those fields. An asterisk ("*") next to a value in the minimum or maximum column indicates that a special restriction appears in the Notes column. Field Min number Max number Notes trace 0 unlimited Block prepended - see resent-date 0* unlimited* One per block, required if other resent fields are present - see resent-from 0 unlimited* One per block - see resent-sender 0* unlimited* One per block, MUST occur with multi-address resent-from - see resent-to 0 unlimited* One per block - see resent-cc 0 unlimited* One per block - see resent-bcc 0 unlimited* One per block - see resent-msg-id 0 unlimited* One per block - see orig-date 1 1 from 1 1 See sender and sender 0* 1 MUST occur with multi-address from - see reply-to 0 1 to 0 1 cc 0 1 bcc 0 1 message-id 0* 1 SHOULD be present - see in-reply-to 0* 1 SHOULD occur in some replies - see references 0* 1 SHOULD occur in some replies - see subject 0 1 comments 0 unlimited keywords 0 unlimited optional-field 0 unlimited The exact interpretation of each field is described in subsequent sections.

The origination date field consists of the field name "Date" followed by a date-time specification.

orig-date = "Date:" date-time CRLF

The origination date specifies the date and time at which the creator of the message indicated that the message was complete and ready to enter the mail delivery system. For instance, this might be the time that a user pushes the "send" or "submit" button in an application program. In any case, it is specifically not intended to convey the time that the message is actually transported, but rather the time at which the human or other creator of the message has put the message into its final form, ready for transport. (For example, a portable computer user who is not connected to a network might queue a message for delivery. The origination date is intended to contain the date and time that the user queued the message, not the time when the user connected to the network to send the message.)

The originator fields of a message consist of the from field, the sender field (when applicable), and optionally the reply-to field. The from field consists of the field name "From" and a comma-separated list of one or more mailbox specifications. If the from field contains more than one mailbox specification in the mailbox-list, then the sender field, containing the field name "Sender" and a single mailbox specification, MUST appear in the message. In either case, an optional reply-to field MAY also be included, which contains the field name "Reply-To" and a comma-separated list of one or more addresses.

from = "From:" mailbox-list CRLF sender = "Sender:" mailbox CRLF reply-to = "Reply-To:" address-list CRLF

The originator fields indicate the mailbox(es) of the source of the message. The "From:" field specifies the author(s) of the message, that is, the mailbox(es) of the person(s) or system(s) responsible for the writing of the message. The "Sender:" field specifies the mailbox of the agent responsible for the actual transmission of the message. For example, if a secretary were to send a message for another person, the mailbox of the secretary would appear in the "Sender:" field and the mailbox of the actual author would appear in the "From:" field. If the originator of the message can be indicated by a single mailbox and the author and transmitter are identical, the "Sender:" field SHOULD NOT be used. Otherwise, both fields SHOULD appear. Note: The transmitter information is always present. The absence of the "Sender:" field is sometimes mistakenly taken to mean that the agent responsible for transmission of the message has not been specified. This absence merely means that the transmitter is identical to the author and is therefore not redundantly placed into the "Sender:" field. The originator fields also provide the information required when replying to a message. When the "Reply-To:" field is present, it indicates the address(es) to which the author of the message suggests that replies be sent. In the absence of the "Reply-To:" field, replies SHOULD by default be sent to the mailbox(es) specified in the "From:" field unless otherwise specified by the person composing the reply. In all cases, the "From:" field SHOULD NOT contain any mailbox that does not belong to the author(s) of the message. See also section for more information on forming the destination addresses for a reply.

The destination fields of a message consist of three possible fields, each of the same form: the field name, which is either "To", "Cc", or "Bcc", followed by a comma-separated list of one or more addresses (either mailbox or group syntax).

to = "To:" address-list CRLF cc = "Cc:" address-list CRLF bcc = "Bcc:" [address-list / CFWS] CRLF

The destination fields specify the recipients of the message. Each destination field may have one or more addresses, and the addresses indicate the intended recipients of the message. The only difference between the three fields is how each is used. The "To:" field contains the address(es) of the primary recipient(s) of the message. The "Cc:" field (where the "Cc" means "Carbon Copy" in the sense of making a copy on a typewriter using carbon paper) contains the addresses of others who are to receive the message, though the content of the message may not be directed at them. The "Bcc:" field (where the "Bcc" means "Blind Carbon Copy") contains addresses of recipients of the message whose addresses are not to be revealed to other recipients of the message. There are three ways in which the "Bcc:" field is used. In the first case, when a message containing a "Bcc:" field is prepared to be sent, the "Bcc:" line is removed even though all of the recipients (including those specified in the "Bcc:" field) are sent a copy of the message. In the second case, recipients specified in the "To:" and "Cc:" lines each are sent a copy of the message with the "Bcc:" line removed as above, but the recipients on the "Bcc:" line get a separate copy of the message containing a "Bcc:" line. (When there are multiple recipient addresses in the "Bcc:" field, some implementations actually send a separate copy of the message to each recipient with a "Bcc:" containing only the address of that particular recipient.) Finally, since a "Bcc:" field may contain no addresses, a "Bcc:" field can be sent without any addresses indicating to the recipients that blind copies were sent to someone. Which method to use with "Bcc:" fields is implementation dependent, but refer to the "Security Considerations" section of this document for a discussion of each. When a message is a reply to another message, the mailboxes of the authors of the original message (the mailboxes in the "From:" field) or mailboxes specified in the "Reply-To:" field (if it exists) MAY appear in the "To:" field of the reply since these would normally be the primary recipients of the reply. If a reply is sent to a message that has destination fields, it is often desirable to send a copy of the reply to all of the recipients of the message, in addition to the author. When such a reply is formed, addresses in the "To:" and "Cc:" fields of the original message MAY appear in the "Cc:" field of the reply, since these are normally secondary recipients of the reply. If a "Bcc:" field is present in the original message, addresses in that field MAY appear in the "Bcc:" field of the reply, but they SHOULD NOT appear in the "To:" or "Cc:" fields. Note: Some mail applications have automatic reply commands that include the destination addresses of the original message in the destination addresses of the reply. How those reply commands behave is implementation dependent and is beyond the scope of this document. In particular, whether or not to include the original destination addresses when the original message had a "Reply-To:" field is not addressed here.

Though listed as optional in the table in section , every message SHOULD have a "Message-ID:" field. Furthermore, reply messages SHOULD have "In-Reply-To:" and "References:" fields as appropriate and as described below. The "Message-ID:" field contains a single unique message identifier. The "References:" and "In-Reply-To:" fields each contain one or more unique message identifiers, optionally separated by CFWS. The message identifier (msg-id) syntax is a limited version of the addr-spec construct enclosed in the angle bracket characters, "<" and ">". Unlike addr-spec, this syntax only permits the dot-atom-text form on the left-hand side of the "@" and does not have internal CFWS anywhere in the message identifier. Note: As with addr-spec, a liberal syntax is given for the right-hand side of the "@" in a msg-id. However, later in this section, the use of a domain for the right-hand side of the "@" is RECOMMENDED. Again, the syntax of domain constructs is specified by and used in other protocols (e.g., , , , ). It is therefore incumbent upon implementations to conform to the syntax of addresses for the context in which they are used.

message-id = "Message-ID:" msg-id CRLF in-reply-to = "In-Reply-To:" 1*msg-id CRLF references = "References:" 1*msg-id CRLF msg-id = [CFWS] "<" id-left "@" id-right ">" [CFWS] id-left = dot-atom-text / obs-id-left id-right = dot-atom-text / no-fold-literal / obs-id-right no-fold-literal = "[" *dtext "]"

The "Message-ID:" field provides a unique message identifier that refers to a particular version of a particular message. The uniqueness of the message identifier is guaranteed by the host that generates it (see below). This message identifier is intended to be machine readable and not necessarily meaningful to humans. A message identifier pertains to exactly one version of a particular message; subsequent revisions to the message each receive new message identifiers. Note: There are many instances when messages are "changed", but those changes do not constitute a new instantiation of that message, and therefore the message would not get a new message identifier. For example, when messages are introduced into the transport system, they are often prepended with additional header fields such as trace fields (described in section ) and resent fields (described in section ). The addition of such header fields does not change the identity of the message and therefore the original "Message-ID:" field is retained. In all cases, it is the meaning that the sender of the message wishes to convey (i.e., whether this is the same message or a different message) that determines whether or not the "Message-ID:" field changes, not any particular syntactic difference that appears (or does not appear) in the message. The "In-Reply-To:" and "References:" fields are used when creating a reply to a message. They hold the message identifier of the original message and the message identifiers of other messages (for example, in the case of a reply to a message that was itself a reply). The "In-Reply-To:" field may be used to identify the message (or messages) to which the new message is a reply, while the "References:" field may be used to identify a "thread" of conversation. When creating a reply to a message, the "In-Reply-To:" and "References:" fields of the resultant message are constructed as follows: The "In-Reply-To:" field will contain the contents of the "Message-ID:" field of the message to which this one is a reply (the "parent message"). If there is more than one parent message, then the "In-Reply-To:" field will contain the contents of all of the parents' "Message-ID:" fields. If there is no "Message-ID:" field in any of the parent messages, then the new message will have no "In-Reply-To:" field. The "References:" field will contain the contents of the parent's "References:" field (if any) followed by the contents of the parent's "Message-ID:" field (if any). If the parent message does not contain a "References:" field but does have an "In-Reply-To:" field containing a single message identifier, then the "References:" field will contain the contents of the parent's "In-Reply-To:" field followed by the contents of the parent's "Message-ID:" field (if any). If the parent has none of the "References:", "In-Reply-To:", or "Message-ID:" fields, then the new message will have no "References:" field. Note: Some implementations parse the "References:" field to display the "thread of the discussion". These implementations assume that each new message is a reply to a single parent and hence that they can walk backwards through the "References:" field to find the parent of each message listed there. Therefore, trying to form a "References:" field for a reply that has multiple parents is discouraged; how to do so is not defined in this document. The message identifier (msg-id) itself MUST be a globally unique identifier for a message. The generator of the message identifier MUST guarantee that the msg-id is unique. There are several algorithms that can be used to accomplish this. Since the msg-id has a similar syntax to addr-spec (identical except that quoted strings, comments, and folding white space are not allowed), a good method is to put the domain name (or a domain literal IP address) of the host on which the message identifier was created on the right-hand side of the "@" (since domain names and IP addresses are normally unique), and put a combination of the current absolute date and time along with some other currently unique (perhaps sequential) identifier available on the system (for example, a process id number) on the left-hand side. Though other algorithms will work, it is RECOMMENDED that the right-hand side contain some domain identifier (either of the host itself or otherwise) such that the generator of the message identifier can guarantee the uniqueness of the left-hand side within the scope of that domain. Semantically, the angle bracket characters are not part of the msg-id; the msg-id is what is contained between the two angle bracket characters.

The informational fields are all optional. The "Subject:" and "Comments:" fields are unstructured fields as defined in section , and therefore may contain text or folding white space. The "Keywords:" field contains a comma-separated list of one or more words or quoted-strings.

subject = "Subject:" unstructured CRLF comments = "Comments:" unstructured CRLF keywords = "Keywords:" phrase *("," phrase) CRLF

These three fields are intended to have only human-readable content with information about the message. The "Subject:" field is the most common and contains a short string identifying the topic of the message. When used in a reply, the field body MAY start with the string "Re: " (an abbreviation of the Latin "in re", meaning "in the matter of") followed by the contents of the "Subject:" field body of the original message. If this is done, only one instance of the literal string "Re: " ought to be used since use of other strings or more than one instance can lead to undesirable consequences. The "Comments:" field contains any additional comments on the text of the body of the message. The "Keywords:" field contains a comma-separated list of important words and phrases that might be useful for the recipient.

Resent fields SHOULD be added to any message that is reintroduced by a user into the transport system. A separate set of resent fields SHOULD be added each time this is done. All of the resent fields corresponding to a particular resending of the message SHOULD be grouped together. Each new set of resent fields is prepended to the message; that is, the most recent set of resent fields appears earlier in the message. No other fields in the message are changed when resent fields are added. Each of the resent fields corresponds to a particular field elsewhere in the syntax. For instance, the "Resent-Date:" field corresponds to the "Date:" field and the "Resent-To:" field corresponds to the "To:" field. In each case, the syntax for the field body is identical to the syntax given previously for the corresponding field. When resent fields are used, the "Resent-From:" and "Resent-Date:" fields MUST be sent. The "Resent-Message-ID:" field SHOULD be sent. "Resent-Sender:" SHOULD NOT be used if "Resent-Sender:" would be identical to "Resent-From:".

resent-date = "Resent-Date:" date-time CRLF resent-from = "Resent-From:" mailbox-list CRLF resent-sender = "Resent-Sender:" mailbox CRLF resent-to = "Resent-To:" address-list CRLF resent-cc = "Resent-Cc:" address-list CRLF resent-bcc = "Resent-Bcc:" [address-list / CFWS] CRLF resent-msg-id = "Resent-Message-ID:" msg-id CRLF

Resent fields are used to identify a message as having been reintroduced into the transport system by a user. The purpose of using resent fields is to have the message appear to the final recipient as if it were sent directly by the original sender, with all of the original fields remaining the same. Each set of resent fields correspond to a particular resending event. That is, if a message is resent multiple times, each set of resent fields gives identifying information for each individual time. Resent fields are strictly informational. They MUST NOT be used in the normal processing of replies or other such automatic actions on messages. Note: Reintroducing a message into the transport system and using resent fields is a different operation from "forwarding". "Forwarding" has two meanings: One sense of forwarding is that a mail reading program can be told by a user to forward a copy of a message to another person, making the forwarded message the body of the new message. A forwarded message in this sense does not appear to have come from the original sender, but is an entirely new message from the forwarder of the message. Forwarding may also mean that a mail transport program gets a message and forwards it on to a different destination for final delivery. Resent header fields are not intended for use with either type of forwarding. The resent originator fields indicate the mailbox of the person(s) or system(s) that resent the message. As with the regular originator fields, there are two forms: a simple "Resent-From:" form, which contains the mailbox of the individual doing the resending, and the more complex form, when one individual (identified in the "Resent-Sender:" field) resends a message on behalf of one or more others (identified in the "Resent-From:" field). Note: When replying to a resent message, replies behave just as they would with any other message, using the original "From:", "Reply-To:", "Message-ID:", and other fields. The resent fields are only informational and MUST NOT be used in the normal processing of replies. The "Resent-Date:" indicates the date and time at which the resent message is dispatched by the resender of the message. Like the "Date:" field, it is not the date and time that the message was actually transported. The "Resent-To:", "Resent-Cc:", and "Resent-Bcc:" fields function identically to the "To:", "Cc:", and "Bcc:" fields, respectively, except that they indicate the recipients of the resent message, not the recipients of the original message. The "Resent-Message-ID:" field provides a unique identifier for the resent message.

The trace fields are a group of header fields consisting of an optional "Return-Path:" field, and one or more "Received:" fields. The "Return-Path:" header field contains a pair of angle brackets that enclose an optional addr-spec. The "Received:" field contains a (possibly empty) list of tokens followed by a semicolon and a date-time specification. Each token must be a word, angle-addr, addr-spec, or a domain. Further restrictions are applied to the syntax of the trace fields by specifications that provide for their use, such as .

trace = [return] 1*received return = "Return-Path:" path CRLF path = angle-addr / ([CFWS] "<" [CFWS] ">" [CFWS]) received = "Received:" *received-token ";" date-time CRLF received-token = word / angle-addr / addr-spec / domain

A full discussion of the Internet mail use of trace fields is contained in . For the purposes of this specification, the trace fields are strictly informational, and any formal interpretation of them is outside of the scope of this document.

Fields may appear in messages that are otherwise unspecified in this document. They MUST conform to the syntax of an optional-field. This is a field name, made up of the printable US-ASCII characters except SP and colon, followed by a colon, followed by any text that conforms to the unstructured syntax. The field names of any optional field MUST NOT be identical to any field name specified elsewhere in this document.

optional-field = field-name ":" unstructured CRLF field-name = 1*ftext ftext = %d33-57 / ; Printable US-ASCII %d59-126 ; characters not including ; ":".

For the purposes of this specification, any optional field is uninterpreted.

Earlier versions of this specification allowed for different (usually more liberal) syntax than is allowed in this version. Also, there have been syntactic elements used in messages on the Internet whose interpretations have never been documented. Though these syntactic forms MUST NOT be generated according to the grammar in section , they MUST be accepted and parsed by a conformant receiver. This section documents many of these syntactic elements. Taking the grammar in section and adding the definitions presented in this section will result in the grammar to use for the interpretation of messages. Note: This section identifies syntactic forms that any implementation MUST reasonably interpret. However, there are certainly Internet messages that do not conform to even the additional syntax given in this section. The fact that a particular form does not appear in any section of this document is not justification for computer programs to crash or for malformed data to be irretrievably lost by any implementation. It is up to the implementation to deal with messages robustly. One important difference between the obsolete (interpreting) and the current (generating) syntax is that in structured header field bodies (i.e., between the colon and the CRLF of any structured header field), white space characters, including folding white space, and comments could be freely inserted between any syntactic tokens. This allowed many complex forms that have proven difficult for some implementations to parse. Another key difference between the obsolete and the current syntax is that the rule in section regarding lines composed entirely of white space in comments and folding white space does not apply. See the discussion of folding white space in section below. Finally, certain characters that were formerly allowed in messages appear in this section. The NUL character (ASCII value 0) was once allowed, but is no longer for compatibility reasons. Similarly, US-ASCII control characters other than CR, LF, SP, and HTAB (ASCII values 1 through 8, 11, 12, 14 through 31, and 127) were allowed to appear in header field bodies. CR and LF were allowed to appear in messages other than as CRLF; this use is also shown here. Other differences in syntax and semantics are noted in the following sections.

These syntactic elements are used elsewhere in the obsolete syntax or in the main syntax. Bare CR, bare LF, and NUL are added to obs-qp, obs-body, and obs-unstruct. US-ASCII control characters are added to obs-qp, obs-unstruct, obs-ctext, and obs-qtext. The period character is added to obs-phrase. The obs-phrase-list provides for a (potentially empty) comma-separated list of phrases that may include "null" elements. That is, there could be two or more commas in such a list with nothing in between them, or commas at the beginning or end of the list. Note: The "period" (or "full stop") character (".") in obs-phrase is not a form that was allowed in earlier versions of this or any other specification. Period (nor any other character from specials) was not allowed in phrase because it introduced a parsing difficulty distinguishing between phrases and portions of an addr-spec (see section ). It appears here because the period character is currently used in many messages in the display-name portion of addresses, especially for initials in names, and therefore must be interpreted properly.

obs-NO-WS-CTL = %d1-8 / ; US-ASCII control %d11 / ; characters that do not %d12 / ; include the carriage %d14-31 / ; return, line feed, and %d127 ; white space characters obs-ctext = obs-NO-WS-CTL obs-qtext = obs-NO-WS-CTL obs-utext = %d0 / obs-NO-WS-CTL / VCHAR obs-qp = "\" (%d0 / obs-NO-WS-CTL / LF / CR) obs-body = *((*LF *CR *((%d0 / text) *LF *CR)) / CRLF) obs-unstruct = *((*LF *CR *(obs-utext *LF *CR)) / FWS) obs-phrase = word *(word / "." / CFWS) obs-phrase-list = [phrase / CFWS] *("," [phrase / CFWS])

Bare CR and bare LF appear in messages with two different meanings. In many cases, bare CR or bare LF are used improperly instead of CRLF to indicate line separators. In other cases, bare CR and bare LF are used simply as US-ASCII control characters with their traditional ASCII meanings.

In the obsolete syntax, any amount of folding white space MAY be inserted where the obs-FWS rule is allowed. This creates the possibility of having two consecutive "folds" in a line, and therefore the possibility that a line which makes up a folded header field could be composed entirely of white space.

obs-FWS = 1*WSP *(CRLF 1*WSP)

The syntax for the obsolete date format allows a 2 digit year in the date field and allows for a list of alphabetic time zone specifiers that were used in earlier versions of this specification. It also permits comments and folding white space between many of the tokens.

obs-day-of-week = [CFWS] day-name [CFWS] obs-day = [CFWS] 1*2DIGIT [CFWS] obs-year = [CFWS] 2*DIGIT [CFWS] obs-hour = [CFWS] 2DIGIT [CFWS] obs-minute = [CFWS] 2DIGIT [CFWS] obs-second = [CFWS] 2DIGIT [CFWS] obs-zone = "UT" / "GMT" / ; Universal Time ; North American UT ; offsets "EST" / "EDT" / ; Eastern: - 5/ - 4 "CST" / "CDT" / ; Central: - 6/ - 5 "MST" / "MDT" / ; Mountain: - 7/ - 6 "PST" / "PDT" / ; Pacific: - 8/ - 7 ; %d65-73 / ; Military zones - "A" %d75-90 / ; through "I" and "K" %d97-105 / ; through "Z", both %d107-122 ; upper and lower case

Where a two or three digit year occurs in a date, the year is to be interpreted as follows: If a two digit year is encountered whose value is between 00 and 49, the year is interpreted by adding 2000, ending up with a value between 2000 and 2049. If a two digit year is encountered with a value between 50 and 99, or any three digit year is encountered, the year is interpreted by adding 1900. In the obsolete time zone, "UT" and "GMT" are indications of "Universal Time" and "Greenwich Mean Time", respectively, and are both semantically identical to "+0000". The remaining three character zones are the US time zones. The first letter, "E", "C", "M", or "P" stands for "Eastern", "Central", "Mountain", and "Pacific". The second letter is either "S" for "Standard" time, or "D" for "Daylight Savings" (or summer) time. Their interpretations are as follows: EDT is semantically equivalent to -0400 EST is semantically equivalent to -0500 CDT is semantically equivalent to -0500 CST is semantically equivalent to -0600 MDT is semantically equivalent to -0600 MST is semantically equivalent to -0700 PDT is semantically equivalent to -0700 PST is semantically equivalent to -0800 The 1 character military time zones were defined in a non-standard way in and are therefore unpredictable in their meaning. The original definitions of the military zones "A" through "I" are equivalent to "+0100" through "+0900", respectively; "K", "L", and "M" are equivalent to "+1000", "+1100", and "+1200", respectively; "N" through "Y" are equivalent to "-0100" through "-1200". respectively; and "Z" is equivalent to "+0000". However, because of the error in , they SHOULD all be considered equivalent to "-0000" unless there is out-of-band information confirming their meaning. Other multi-character (usually between 3 and 5) alphabetic time zones have been used in Internet messages. Any such time zone whose meaning is not known SHOULD be considered equivalent to "-0000" unless there is out-of-band information confirming their meaning.

There are four primary differences in addressing. First, mailbox addresses were allowed to have a route portion before the addr-spec when enclosed in "<" and ">". The route is simply a comma-separated list of domain names, each preceded by "@", and the list terminated by a colon. Second, CFWS were allowed between the period-separated elements of local-part and domain (i.e., dot-atom was not used). In addition, local-part is allowed to contain quoted-string in addition to just atom. Third, mailbox-list and address-list were allowed to have "null" members. That is, there could be two or more commas in such a list with nothing in between them, or commas at the beginning or end of the list. Finally, US-ASCII control characters and quoted-pairs were allowed in domain literals and are added here.

obs-angle-addr = [CFWS] "<" obs-route addr-spec ">" [CFWS] obs-route = obs-domain-list ":" obs-domain-list = *(CFWS / ",") "@" domain *("," [CFWS] ["@" domain]) obs-mbox-list = *([CFWS] ",") mailbox *("," [mailbox / CFWS]) obs-addr-list = *([CFWS] ",") address *("," [address / CFWS]) obs-group-list = 1*([CFWS] ",") [CFWS] obs-local-part = word *("." word) obs-domain = atom *("." atom) obs-dtext = obs-NO-WS-CTL / quoted-pair

When interpreting addresses, the route portion SHOULD be ignored.

Syntactically, the primary difference in the obsolete field syntax is that it allows multiple occurrences of any of the fields and they may occur in any order. Also, any amount of white space is allowed before the ":" at the end of the field name.

obs-fields = *(obs-return / obs-received / obs-orig-date / obs-from / obs-sender / obs-reply-to / obs-to / obs-cc / obs-bcc / obs-message-id / obs-in-reply-to / obs-references / obs-subject / obs-comments / obs-keywords / obs-resent-date / obs-resent-from / obs-resent-send / obs-resent-rply / obs-resent-to / obs-resent-cc / obs-resent-bcc / obs-resent-mid / obs-optional)

Except for destination address fields (described in section ), the interpretation of multiple occurrences of fields is unspecified. Also, the interpretation of trace fields and resent fields that do not occur in blocks prepended to the message is unspecified as well. Unless otherwise noted in the following sections, interpretation of other fields is identical to the interpretation of their non-obsolete counterparts in section .

obs-orig-date = "Date" *WSP ":" date-time CRLF

obs-from = "From" *WSP ":" mailbox-list CRLF obs-sender = "Sender" *WSP ":" mailbox CRLF obs-reply-to = "Reply-To" *WSP ":" address-list CRLF

obs-to = "To" *WSP ":" address-list CRLF obs-cc = "Cc" *WSP ":" address-list CRLF obs-bcc = "Bcc" *WSP ":" (address-list / (*([CFWS] ",") [CFWS])) CRLF

When multiple occurrences of destination address fields occur in a message, they SHOULD be treated as if the address list in the first occurrence of the field is combined with the address lists of the subsequent occurrences by adding a comma and concatenating.

The obsolete "In-Reply-To:" and "References:" fields differ from the current syntax in that they allow phrase (words or quoted strings) to appear. The obsolete forms of the left and right sides of msg-id allow interspersed CFWS, making them syntactically identical to local-part and domain, respectively.

obs-message-id = "Message-ID" *WSP ":" msg-id CRLF obs-in-reply-to = "In-Reply-To" *WSP ":" *(phrase / msg-id) CRLF obs-references = "References" *WSP ":" *(phrase / msg-id) CRLF obs-id-left = local-part obs-id-right = domain

For purposes of interpretation, the phrases in the "In-Reply-To:" and "References:" fields are ignored. Semantically, none of the optional CFWS in the local-part and the domain is part of the obs-id-left and obs-id-right, respectively.

obs-subject = "Subject" *WSP ":" unstructured CRLF obs-comments = "Comments" *WSP ":" unstructured CRLF obs-keywords = "Keywords" *WSP ":" obs-phrase-list CRLF

The obsolete syntax adds a "Resent-Reply-To:" field, which consists of the field name, the optional comments and folding white space, the colon, and a comma separated list of addresses.

obs-resent-from = "Resent-From" *WSP ":" mailbox-list CRLF obs-resent-send = "Resent-Sender" *WSP ":" mailbox CRLF obs-resent-date = "Resent-Date" *WSP ":" date-time CRLF obs-resent-to = "Resent-To" *WSP ":" address-list CRLF obs-resent-cc = "Resent-Cc" *WSP ":" address-list CRLF obs-resent-bcc = "Resent-Bcc" *WSP ":" (address-list / (*([CFWS] ",") [CFWS])) CRLF obs-resent-mid = "Resent-Message-ID" *WSP ":" msg-id CRLF obs-resent-rply = "Resent-Reply-To" *WSP ":" address-list CRLF

As with other resent fields, the "Resent-Reply-To:" field is to be treated as trace information only.

The obs-return and obs-received are again given here as template definitions, just as return and received are in section . Their full syntax is given in .

obs-return = "Return-Path" *WSP ":" path CRLF obs-received = "Received" *WSP ":" *received-token CRLF

obs-optional = field-name *WSP ":" unstructured CRLF

Care needs to be taken when displaying messages on a terminal or terminal emulator. Powerful terminals may act on escape sequences and other combinations of US-ASCII control characters with a variety of consequences. They can remap the keyboard or permit other modifications to the terminal that could lead to denial of service or even damaged data. They can trigger (sometimes programmable) answerback messages that can allow a message to cause commands to be issued on the recipient's behalf. They can also affect the operation of terminal attached devices such as printers. Message viewers may wish to strip potentially dangerous terminal escape sequences from the message prior to display. However, other escape sequences appear in messages for useful purposes (cf. , , , , , , ) and therefore should not be stripped indiscriminately. Transmission of non-text objects in messages raises additional security issues. These issues are discussed in , , , , , and . Many implementations use the "Bcc:" (blind carbon copy) field, described in section , to facilitate sending messages to recipients without revealing the addresses of one or more of the addressees to the other recipients. Mishandling this use of "Bcc:" may disclose confidential information that could eventually lead to security problems through knowledge of even the existence of a particular mail address. For example, if using the first method described in section , where the "Bcc:" line is removed from the message, blind recipients have no explicit indication that they have been sent a blind copy, except insofar as their address does not appear in the header section of a message. Because of this, one of the blind addressees could potentially send a reply to all of the shown recipients and accidentally reveal that the message went to the blind recipient. When the second method from section is used, the blind recipient's address appears in the "Bcc:" field of a separate copy of the message. If the "Bcc:" field sent contains all of the blind addressees, all of the "Bcc:" recipients will be seen by each "Bcc:" recipient. Even if a separate message is sent to each "Bcc:" recipient with only the individual's address, implementations still need to be careful to process replies to the message as per section so as not to accidentally reveal the blind recipient to other recipients.

This document updates the registrations that appeared in that referred to the definitions in . IANA has updated the Permanent Message Header Field Repository with the following header fields, in accordance with the procedures set out in . Date Mail standard IETF This document (section ) From Mail standard IETF This document (section ) Sender Mail standard IETF This document (section ) Reply-To Mail standard IETF This document (section ) To Mail standard IETF This document (section ) Cc Mail standard IETF This document (section ) Bcc Mail standard IETF This document (section ) Message-ID Mail standard IETF This document (section ) In-Reply-To Mail standard IETF This document (section ) References Mail standard IETF This document (section ) Subject Mail standard IETF This document (section ) Comments Mail standard IETF This document (section ) Keywords Mail standard IETF This document (section ) Resent-Date Mail standard IETF This document (section ) Resent-From Mail standard IETF This document (section ) Resent-Sender Mail standard IETF This document (section ) Resent-To Mail standard IETF This document (section ) Resent-Cc Mail standard IETF This document (section ) Resent-Bcc Mail standard IETF This document (section ) Resent-Reply-To Mail obsolete IETF This document (section ) Resent-Message-ID Mail standard IETF This document (section ) Return-Path Mail standard IETF This document (section ) Received Mail standard IETF This document (section )

American National Standards Institute Information Sciences Institute (ISI) USC/ISI

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University of Southern California (USC), Information Sciences Institute

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Harvard University

1350 Mass. Ave. Cambridge MA 02138 - +1 617 495 3864 sob@harvard.edu

General keyword In many standards track documents several words are used to signify the requirements in the specification. These words are often capitalized. This document defines these words as they should be interpreted in IETF documents. Authors who follow these guidelines should incorporate this phrase near the beginning of their document: The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT", "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this document are to be interpreted as described in RFC 2119. Note that the force of these words is modified by the requirement level of the document in which they are used. Internet technical specifications often need to define a formal syntax. Over the years, a modified version of Backus-Naur Form (BNF), called Augmented BNF (ABNF), has been popular among many Internet specifications. The current specification documents ABNF. It balances compactness and simplicity with reasonable representational power. The differences between standard BNF and ABNF involve naming rules, repetition, alternatives, order-independence, and value ranges. This specification also supplies additional rule definitions and encoding for a core lexical analyzer of the type common to several Internet specifications. [STANDARDS TRACK] University of Delaware, Dept. of Electrical Engineering

Newark DE 19711 US DCrocker@UDel-Relay

University of Delaware, Electrical Engineering Department

Newark DE 19716 US +1 302 451 8247 mills@udel.edu

This document describes the Network Time Protocol (NTP), specifies its normal structure and summarizes information useful for its implementation. NTP provides the mechanisms to synchronize time and coordinate time distribution in a large, diverse internet operating at rates from mundane to lightwave. It uses a returnable-time design in which a distributed subnet of time servers operating in a self-organizing, hierarchical-master-slave configuration synchronizes local clocks within the subnet and to national time standards via wire or radio. The servers can also redistribute reference time via local routing algorithms and time daemons. International Organization for Standardization Innosoft International, Inc.

1050 East Garvey Avenue South West Covina CA 91790 US +1 818 919 3600 +1 818 919 3614 ned@innosoft.com

First Virtual Holdings

25 Washington Avenue Morristown NJ 07960 US +1 201 540 8967 +1 201 993 3032 nsb@nsb.fv.com

STD 11, RFC 822, defines a message representation protocol specifying considerable detail about US-ASCII message headers, and leaves the message content, or message body, as flat US-ASCII text. This set of documents, collectively called the Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions, or MIME, redefines the format of messages to allow for (1) textual message bodies in character sets other than US-ASCII, (2) an extensible set of different formats for non-textual message bodies, (3) multi-part message bodies, and (4) textual header information in character sets other than US-ASCII. These documents are based on earlier work documented in RFC 934, STD 11, and RFC 1049, but extends and revises them. Because RFC 822 said so little about message bodies, these documents are largely orthogonal to (rather than a revision of) RFC 822. This initial document specifies the various headers used to describe the structure of MIME messages. The second document, RFC 2046, defines the general structure of the MIME media typing system and defines an initial set of media types. The third document, RFC 2047, describes extensions to RFC 822 to allow non-US-ASCII text data in Internet mail header fields. The fourth document, RFC 2048, specifies various IANA registration procedures for MIME-related facilities. The fifth and final document, RFC 2049, describes MIME conformance criteria as well as providing some illustrative examples of MIME message formats, acknowledgements, and the bibliography. These documents are revisions of RFCs 1521, 1522, and 1590, which themselves were revisions of RFCs 1341 and 1342. An appendix in RFC 2049 describes differences and changes from previous versions. Innosoft International, Inc.

1050 East Garvey Avenue South West Covina CA 91790 US +1 818 919 3600 +1 818 919 3614 ned@innosoft.com

First Virtual Holdings

25 Washington Avenue Morristown NJ 07960 US +1 201 540 8967 +1 201 993 3032 nsb@nsb.fv.com

STD 11, RFC 822 defines a message representation protocol specifying considerable detail about US-ASCII message headers, but which leaves the message content, or message body, as flat US-ASCII text. This set of documents, collectively called the Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions, or MIME, redefines the format of messages to allow for (1) textual message bodies in character sets other than US-ASCII, (2) an extensible set of different formats for non-textual message bodies, (3) multi-part message bodies, and (4) textual header information in character sets other than US-ASCII. These documents are based on earlier work documented in RFC 934, STD 11 and RFC 1049, but extends and revises them. Because RFC 822 said so little about message bodies, these documents are largely orthogonal to (rather than a revision of) RFC 822. The initial document in this set, RFC 2045, specifies the various headers used to describe the structure of MIME messages. This second document defines the general structure of the MIME media typing sytem and defines an initial set of media types. The third document, RFC 2047, describes extensions to RFC 822 to allow non-US-ASCII text data in Internet mail header fields. The fourth document, RFC 2048, specifies various IANA registration procedures for MIME-related facilities. The fifth and final document, RFC 2049, describes MIME conformance criteria as well as providing some illustrative examples of MIME message formats, acknowledgements, and the bibliography. These documents are revisions of RFCs 1521 and 1522, which themselves were revisions of RFCs 1341 and 1342. An appendix in RFC 2049 describes differences and changes from previous versions. University of Tennessee

107 Ayres Hall Knoxville TN 37996-1301 moore@cs.utk.edu

Applications Amercian Standard Code for Information Interchange mail multipurpose internet mail extensions STD 11, RFC 822, defines a message representation protocol specifying considerable detail about US-ASCII message headers, and leaves the message content, or message body, as flat US-ASCII text. This set of documents, collectively called the Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions, or MIME, redefines the format of messages to allow for (1) textual message bodies in character sets other than US-ASCII, (2) an extensible set of different formats for non-textual message bodies, (3) multi-part message bodies, and (4) textual header information in character sets other than US-ASCII. These documents are based on earlier work documented in RFC 934, STD 11, and RFC 1049, but extends and revises them. Because RFC 822 said so little about message bodies, these documents are largely orthogonal to (rather than a revision of) RFC 822. This particular document is the third document in the series. It describes extensions to RFC 822 to allow non-US-ASCII text data in Internet mail header fields. Other documents in this series include: + RFC 2045, which specifies the various headers used to describe the structure of MIME messages. + RFC 2046, which defines the general structure of the MIME media typing system and defines an initial set of media types, + RFC 2048, which specifies various IANA registration procedures for MIME-related facilities, and + RFC 2049, which describes MIME conformance criteria and provides some illustrative examples of MIME message formats, acknowledgements, and the bibliography. These documents are revisions of RFCs 1521, 1522, and 1590, which themselves were revisions of RFCs 1341 and 1342. An appendix in RFC 2049 describes differences and changes from previous versions. Innosoft International, Inc.

1050 East Garvey Avenue South West Covina CA 91790 USA +1 818 919 3600 +1 818 919 3614 ned@innosoft.com

First Virtual Holdings

25 Washington Avenue Morristown NJ 07960 USA +1 201 540 8967 +1 201 993 3032 nsb@nsb.fv.com

Applications mail multipurpose internet mail extensions STD 11, RFC 822, defines a message representation protocol specifying considerable detail about US-ASCII message headers, and leaves the message content, or message body, as flat US-ASCII text. This set of documents, collectively called the Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions, or MIME, redefines the format of messages to allow for (1) textual message bodies in character sets other than US-ASCII, (2) an extensible set of different formats for non-textual message bodies, (3) multi-part message bodies, and (4) textual header information in character sets other than US-ASCII. These documents are based on earlier work documented in RFC 934, STD 11, and RFC 1049, but extends and revises them. Because RFC 822 said so little about message bodies, these documents are largely orthogonal to (rather than a revision of) RFC 822. The initial document in this set, RFC 2045, specifies the various headers used to describe the structure of MIME messages. The second document defines the general structure of the MIME media typing system and defines an initial set of media types. The third document, RFC 2047, describes extensions to RFC 822 to allow non-US- ASCII text data in Internet mail header fields. The fourth document, RFC 2048, specifies various IANA registration procedures for MIME- related facilities. This fifth and final document describes MIME conformance criteria as well as providing some illustrative examples of MIME message formats, acknowledgements, and the bibliography. These documents are revisions of RFCs 1521, 1522, and 1590, which themselves were revisions of RFCs 1341 and 1342. Appendix B of this document describes differences and changes from previous versions. This document specifies a syntax for text messages that are sent between computer users, within the framework of "electronic mail" messages. [STANDARDS TRACK] This specification defines registration procedures for the message header fields used by Internet mail, HTTP, Netnews and other applications. This document specifies an Internet Best Current Practices for the Internet Community, and requests discussion and suggestions for improvements. This document defines the initial IANA registration for permanent mail and MIME message header fields, per RFC 3864. [STANDARDS TRACK] This document defines procedures for the specification and registration of media types for use in MIME and other Internet protocols. This document specifies an Internet Best Current Practices for the Internet Community, and requests discussion and suggestions for improvements. This document specifies IANA registration procedures for MIME external body access types and content-transfer-encodings. This document specifies an Internet Best Current Practices for the Internet Community, and requests discussion and suggestions for improvements. This document is a specification of the basic protocol for Internet electronic mail transport. It consolidates, updates, and clarifies several previous documents, making all or parts of most of them obsolete. It covers the SMTP extension mechanisms and best practices for the contemporary Internet, but does not provide details about particular extensions. Although SMTP was designed as a mail transport and delivery protocol, this specification also contains information that is important to its use as a "mail submission" protocol for "split-UA" mail reading systems and mobile environments.

This section presents a selection of messages. These are intended to assist in the implementation of this specification, but should not be taken as normative; that is to say, although the examples in this section were carefully reviewed, if there happens to be a conflict between these examples and the syntax described in sections and of this document, the syntax in those sections is to be taken as correct. In the text version of this document, messages in this section are delimited between lines of "----". The "----" lines are not part of the message itself.

The following are examples of messages that might be sent between two individuals.

This could be called a canonical message. It has a single author, John Doe, a single recipient, Mary Smith, a subject, the date, a message identifier, and a textual message in the body. To: Mary Smith Subject: Saying Hello Date: Fri, 21 Nov 1997 09:55:06 -0600 Message-ID: <1234@local.machine.example> This is a message just to say hello. So, "Hello".]]>

If John's secretary Michael actually sent the message, even though John was the author and replies to this message should go back to him, the sender field would be used: Sender: Michael Jones To: Mary Smith Subject: Saying Hello Date: Fri, 21 Nov 1997 09:55:06 -0600 Message-ID: <1234@local.machine.example> This is a message just to say hello. So, "Hello".]]>

This message includes multiple addresses in the destination fields and also uses several different forms of addresses. To: Mary Smith , jdoe@example.org, Who? Cc: , "Giant; \"Big\" Box" Date: Tue, 1 Jul 2003 10:52:37 +0200 Message-ID: <5678.21-Nov-1997@example.com> Hi everyone.]]> Note that the display names for Joe Q. Public and Giant; "Big" Box needed to be enclosed in double-quotes because the former contains the period and the latter contains both semicolon and double-quote characters (the double-quote characters appearing as quoted-pair constructs). Conversely, the display name for Who? could appear without them because the question mark is legal in an atom. Notice also that jdoe@example.org and boss@nil.test have no display names associated with them at all, and jdoe@example.org uses the simpler address form without the angle brackets.

To: A Group:Ed Jones ,joe@where.test,John ; Cc: Undisclosed recipients:; Date: Thu, 13 Feb 1969 23:32:54 -0330 Message-ID: Testing.]]> In this message, the "To:" field has a single group recipient named "A Group", which contains 3 addresses, and a "Cc:" field with an empty group recipient named Undisclosed recipients.

The following is a series of three messages that make up a conversation thread between John and Mary. John first sends a message to Mary, Mary then replies to John's message, and then John replies to Mary's reply message. Note especially the "Message-ID:", "References:", and "In-Reply-To:" fields in each message.

To: Mary Smith Subject: Saying Hello Date: Fri, 21 Nov 1997 09:55:06 -0600 Message-ID: <1234@local.machine.example> This is a message just to say hello. So, "Hello".]]>

When sending replies, the Subject field is often retained, though prepended with "Re: " as described in section . To: John Doe Reply-To: "Mary Smith: Personal Account" Subject: Re: Saying Hello Date: Fri, 21 Nov 1997 10:01:10 -0600 Message-ID: <3456@example.net> In-Reply-To: <1234@local.machine.example> References: <1234@local.machine.example> This is a reply to your hello.]]> Note the "Reply-To:" field in the above message. When John replies to Mary's message above, the reply should go to the address in the "Reply-To:" field instead of the address in the "From:" field.

From: John Doe Subject: Re: Saying Hello Date: Fri, 21 Nov 1997 11:00:00 -0600 Message-ID: In-Reply-To: <3456@example.net> References: <1234@local.machine.example> <3456@example.net> This is a reply to your reply.]]>

Start with the message that has been used as an example several times: To: Mary Smith Subject: Saying Hello Date: Fri, 21 Nov 1997 09:55:06 -0600 Message-ID: <1234@local.machine.example> This is a message just to say hello. So, "Hello".]]>

Say that Mary, upon receiving this message, wishes to send a copy of the message to Jane such that (a) the message would appear to have come straight from John; (b) if Jane replies to the message, the reply should go back to John; and (c) all of the original information, like the date the message was originally sent to Mary, the message identifier, and the original addressee, is preserved. In this case, resent fields are prepended to the message: Resent-To: Jane Brown Resent-Date: Mon, 24 Nov 1997 14:22:01 -0800 Resent-Message-ID: <78910@example.net> From: John Doe To: Mary Smith Subject: Saying Hello Date: Fri, 21 Nov 1997 09:55:06 -0600 Message-ID: <1234@local.machine.example> This is a message just to say hello. So, "Hello".]]> If Jane, in turn, wished to resend this message to another person, she would prepend her own set of resent header fields to the above and send that. (Note that for brevity, trace fields are not shown.)

As messages are sent through the transport system as described in , trace fields are prepended to the message. The following is an example of what those trace fields might look like. Note that there is some folding white space in the first one since these lines can be long. ; 21 Nov 1997 10:05:43 -0600 Received: from node.example by x.y.test; 21 Nov 1997 10:01:22 -0600 From: John Doe To: Mary Smith Subject: Saying Hello Date: Fri, 21 Nov 1997 09:55:06 -0600 Message-ID: <1234@local.node.example> This is a message just to say hello. So, "Hello".]]>

White space, including folding white space, and comments can be inserted between many of the tokens of fields. Taking the example from , white space and comments can be inserted into all of the fields. To:A Group(Some people) :Chris Jones , joe@example.org, John (my dear friend); (the end of the group) Cc:(Empty list)(start)Hidden recipients :(nobody(that I know)) ; Date: Thu, 13 Feb 1969 23:32 -0330 (Newfoundland Time) Message-ID: Testing.]]> The above example is aesthetically displeasing, but perfectly legal. Note particularly (1) the comments in the "From:" field (including one that has a ")" character appearing as part of a quoted-pair); (2) the white space absent after the ":" in the "To:" field as well as the comment and folding white space after the group name, the special character (".") in the comment in Chris Jones's address, and the folding white space before and after "joe@example.org,"; (3) the multiple and nested comments in the "Cc:" field as well as the comment immediately following the ":" after "Cc"; (4) the folding white space (but no comments except at the end) and the missing seconds in the time of the date field; and (5) the white space before (but not within) the identifier in the "Message-ID:" field.

The following are examples of obsolete (that is, the "MUST NOT generate") syntactic elements described in section of this document.

Note in the example below the lack of quotes around Joe Q. Public, the route that appears in the address for Mary Smith, the two commas that appear in the "To:" field, and the spaces that appear around the "." in the jdoe address. To: Mary Smith <@node.test:mary@example.net>, , jdoe@test . example Date: Tue, 1 Jul 2003 10:52:37 +0200 Message-ID: <5678.21-Nov-1997@example.com> Hi everyone.]]>

The following message uses an obsolete date format, including a non-numeric time zone and a two digit year. Note that although the day-of-week is missing, that is not specific to the obsolete syntax; it is optional in the current syntax as well. To: Mary Smith Subject: Saying Hello Date: 21 Nov 97 09:55:06 GMT Message-ID: <1234@local.machine.example> This is a message just to say hello. So, "Hello".]]>

White space and comments can appear between many more elements than in the current syntax. Also, folding lines that are made up entirely of white space are legal. To : Mary Smith __ Subject : Saying Hello Date : Fri, 21 Nov 1997 09(comment): 55 : 06 -0600 Message-ID : <1234 @ local(blah) .machine .example> This is a message just to say hello. So, "Hello".]]> Note especially the second line of the "To:" field. It starts with two space characters. (Note that "__" represent blank spaces.) Therefore, it is considered part of the folding, as described in section . Also, the comments and white space throughout addresses, dates, and message identifiers are all part of the obsolete syntax.

This appendix contains a list of changes that have been made in the Internet Message Format from earlier specifications, specifically , , and . Items marked with an asterisk (*) below are items which appear in section of this document and therefore can no longer be generated. The following are the changes made from and to that remain in this document: Period allowed in obsolete form of phrase. ABNF moved out of document, now in . Four or more digits allowed for year. Header field ordering (and lack thereof) made explicit. Encrypted header field removed. Specifically allow and give meaning to "-0000" time zone. Folding white space is not allowed between every token. Requirement for destinations removed. Forwarding and resending redefined. Extension header fields no longer specifically called out. ASCII 0 (null) removed.* Folding continuation lines cannot contain only white space.* Free insertion of comments not allowed in date.* Non-numeric time zones not allowed.* Two digit years not allowed.* Three digit years interpreted, but not allowed for generation.* Routes in addresses not allowed.* CFWS within local-parts and domains not allowed.* Empty members of address lists not allowed.* Folding white space between field name and colon not allowed.* Comments between field name and colon not allowed. Tightened syntax of in-reply-to and references.* CFWS within msg-id not allowed.* Tightened semantics of resent fields as informational only. Resent-Reply-To not allowed.* No multiple occurrences of fields (except resent and received).* Free CR and LF not allowed.* Line length limits specified. Bcc more clearly specified. The following are changes from . Assorted typographical/grammatical errors fixed and clarifications made. Changed "standard" to "document" or "specification" throughout. Made distinction between "header field" and "header section". Removed NO-WS-CTL from ctext, qtext, dtext, and unstructured.* Moved discussion of specials to the "Atom" section. Moved text to "Overall message syntax" section. Simplified CFWS syntax. Fixed unstructured syntax. Changed date and time syntax to deal with white space in obsolete date syntax. Removed quoted-pair from domain literals and message identifiers.* Clarified that other specifications limit domain syntax. Simplified "Bcc:" and "Resent-Bcc:" syntax. Allowed optional-field to appear within trace information. Removed no-fold-quote from msg-id. Clarified syntax limitations. Generalized "Received:" syntax to fix bugs and move definition out of this document. Simplified obs-qp. Fixed and simplified obs-utext (which now only appears in the obsolete syntax). Removed obs-text and obs-char, adding obs-body. Fixed obsolete date syntax to allow for more (or less) comments and white space. Fixed all obsolete list syntax (obs-domain-list, obs-mbox-list, obs-addr-list, obs-phrase-list, and the newly added obs-group-list). Fixed obs-reply-to syntax. Fixed obs-bcc and obs-resent-bcc to allow empty lists. Removed obs-path.

Many people contributed to this document. They included folks who participated in the Detailed Revision and Update of Messaging Standards (DRUMS) Working Group of the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF), the chair of DRUMS, the Area Directors of the IETF, and people who simply sent their comments in via email. The editor is deeply indebted to them all and thanks them sincerely. The below list includes everyone who sent email concerning both this document and . Hopefully, everyone who contributed is named here: Matti Aarnio Tanaka Akira Russ Allbery Eric Allman Harald Alvestrand Ran Atkinson Jos Backus Bruce Balden Dave Barr Alan Barrett John Beck J Robert von Behren Jos den Bekker D J Bernstein James Berriman Oliver Block Norbert Bollow Raj Bose Antony Bowesman Scott Bradner Randy Bush Tom Byrer Bruce Campbell Larry Campbell W J Carpenter Michael Chapman Richard Clayton Maurizio Codogno Jim Conklin R Kelley Cook Nathan Coulter Steve Coya Mark Crispin Dave Crocker Matt Curtin Michael D'Errico Cyrus Daboo Michael D Dean Jutta Degener Mark Delany Steve Dorner Harold A Driscoll Michael Elkins Frank Ellerman Robert Elz Johnny Eriksson Erik E Fair Roger Fajman Patrik Fältström Claus André Färber Barry Finkel Erik Forsberg Chuck Foster Paul Fox Klaus M Frank Ned Freed Jochen Friedrich Randall C Gellens Sukvinder Singh Gill Tim Goodwin Philip Guenther Arnt Gulbrandsen Eric A Hall Tony Hansen John Hawkinson Philip Hazel Kai Henningsen Robert Herriot Paul Hethmon Jim Hill Alfred Hönes Paul E Hoffman Steve Hole Kari Hurtta Marco S Hyman Ofer Inbar Olle Jarnefors Kevin Johnson Sudish Joseph Maynard Kang Prabhat Keni John C Klensin Graham Klyne Brad Knowles Shuhei Kobayashi Peter Koch Dan Kohn Christian Kuhtz Anand Kumria Steen Larsen Eliot Lear Barry Leiba Jay Levitt Bruce Lilly Lars-Johan Liman Charles Lindsey Pete Loshin Simon Lyall Bill Manning John Martin Mark Martinec Larry Masinter Denis McKeon William P McQuillan Alexey Melnikov Perry E Metzger Steven Miller S Moonesamy Keith Moore John Gardiner Myers Chris Newman John W Noerenberg Eric Norman Mike O'Dell Larry Osterman Paul Overell Jacob Palme Michael A Patton Uzi Paz Michael A Quinlan Robert Rapplean Eric S Raymond Sam Roberts Hugh Sasse Bart Schaefer Tom Scola Wolfgang Segmuller Nick Shelness John Stanley Einar Stefferud Jeff Stephenson Bernard Stern Peter Sylvester Mark Symons Eric Thomas Lee Thompson Karel De Vriendt Matthew Wall Rolf Weber Brent B Welch Dan Wing Jack De Winter Gregory J Woodhouse Greg A Woods Kazu Yamamoto Alain Zahm Jamie Zawinski Timothy S Zurcher